Chapter 32 :HEALTH AND HYGIENE

Chapter 32: Health and Hygiene Class 10 Science and Technology (212) NIOS Textbook Solutions

Chapter 32. HEALTH AND HYGIENE

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.1

1. Why do we need to be healthy? List any three reasons.

Answer: We need to be healthy because:

(a) A healthy person is energetic and can work actively.

(b) A healthy person is efficient and performs tasks better.

2. State the definition of health given by WHO.

Answer: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a “State of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease” .

3. List the three different dimensions of health.

Answer: The three dimensions of health are physical health , mental health and social health .

4. How is hygiene related to health?

Answer: Hygiene refers to the principles, practices, or habits that help us remain healthy. Therefore, following hygienic practices helps in maintaining good health and preventing diseases.

5. Identify any one healthy habit. How will you motivate your younger brother/sister to practise this habit?

Answer: Healthy habit: Brushing teeth regularly.

I will motivate my younger brother/sister by explaining that brushing teeth twice a day removes food particles and germs, keeps the teeth and gums healthy, prevents bad breath and tooth decay, and helps maintain good oral hygiene. I will also encourage them by brushing together every day.

6. You have prepared lunch early in the morning at 9 A.M. and it will be served at 1.00 P.M. List any two precautions you will take to store it.

Answer: To store the lunch safely, I will take these precautions:

(i) Keep the food covered to protect it from dust and germs.

(ii) Store it in a cool, insect-proof place until it is served.

7. Suggest any two ways by which you along with your elders can maintain a healthy environment at home.

Answer: Any two ways to maintain a healthy environment at home are:

(i) Maintain good health by keeping the house clean and following healthy habits.

(ii) Maintain healthy relationships by being caring, respectful, and helping each other in the family.

8. Tick (✓) the situations given below which in your opinion are correct

(i) It was 11.30 pm. Raju was celebrating his birthday. There was loud music. His neighbour Tinku had a Mathematics exam the next day and was not able to concentrate. He went to Raju and explained the situation but Raju did not pay any attention. Then, Tinku called the police. They came and stopped the music, the party was spoiled but it was a necessary step.

(ii) Rohan believes that taking drugs once or twice is not harmful.

(iii) Ashu copied some answers from her friend’s sheet during the examination. But later she felt very guilty and confided in her parents. Her friends said that she was a fool to speak the truth.

(iv) Its fun driving at a very high speed and gives a lot of thrill. There is nothing wrong in doing so if road has no traffic.

(v) People should not be allowed to burst loud crackers especially late at night even if it curtails fun and enjoyment.

(vi) Just when you were ready to leave for a movie, you found that your bike is punctured. In your frustration you kicked the dog sleeping nearby to vent your manger. It calmed you down. Later your regretted your action.

Answer: The correct situations:

(i) It shows sensitivity towards others' needs.

(v) People should not burst loud crackers late at night as it is a duty towards others.

(vi) Feeling sorry after hurting the dog shows the importance of controlling emotions and realizing one's mistake.

The incorrect situations:

(ii) Taking drugs is harmful and does not reflect good health.

(iii) Copying in an examination is wrong and does not reflect mental or social health.

(iv) Driving at a very high speed is unsafe and irresponsible.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.2

1. List some of the activities that are undertaken by the government and local organizations to maintain public health.

Answer: Some activities undertaken by the government and local organizations to maintain public health are:

(i) Removal of garbage.

(ii) Supply of clean drinking water.

(iii) Fumigation to control mosquitoes and other insects.

(iv) Organizing immunization programmes.

(v) Ensuring food standards in food stores and milk outlets.

2. Samina’s family members are expert house keepers. The bathrooms are as clean as the bedrooms and the kitchen. But when Samina steps out, foul odour irritates her nostrils; her feet sink in garbage piles and pot holes. Neither the local government authorities nor anyone in Samina’s neighbourhood seems

to care. She is very sad and wants to do something to change this situation.

Taking cue from the ‘Bhagidari initiative’ launched by the Government of Delhi, please provide three suggestions to Samina to enable her to make her neighbourhood clean.

Answer: Samina can take the following steps to make her neighbourhood clean:

(a) Discuss with her neighbours and explain the importance of keeping the surroundings clean for good health.

(b) Form a group with friends to spread awareness by distributing handbills and putting up posters on cleanliness.

(c) Contact the local municipality to provide garbage bins, arrange regular garbage collection, and repair the damaged roads.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.3

1. Why is Filariasis also called Elephantiasis?

Answer: Filariasis is also called Elephantiasis because, in this disease, the swollen leg resembles the leg of an elephant.

2. How will you identify a TB patient? List any four symptoms.

Answer: A Tuberculosis (TB) patient can be identified by the following symptoms :

(a) Persistent low-grade fever

(b) Persistent cough

(d) Weight loss

(e) Chest pain

(f) Fatigue (weakness)

3. Complete the table given below:

Modes of transmission

Disease

Droplet infection

Bite of Infected Aedes mosquito

…………………………………… c

……………………………………. d

………………………………… a

………………………………….b

Amoebiasis

Malaria

Answer:

Modes of transmission	Disease
Droplet infection	a. Tuberculosis (TB)
Bite of Infected Aedes mosquito	b. Dengue / Chikungunya
c. Contaminated food and water	Amoebiasis
d. Bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito	Malaria

4. Complete the table

Preventive actions

Name of the diseases that are prevented

(i) Use of mosquito net,

(ii) Sanitary condition and proper disposal of human excreta

(iii) BCG vaccine

(iv) Cover your cough, sneeze

(a) ………………… (b) ……………………

(d) ……………………..

(e) …………………… (f) …………………

Answer:

Preventive actions	Name of the diseases that are prevented
(i) Use of mosquito net	(a) Malaria (b) Dengue / Filariasis
(ii) Sanitary conditions and proper disposal of human excreta	(c) Amoebiasis / Ascariasis
(iii) BCG vaccine	(d) Tuberculosis
(iv) Cover your cough, sneeze	(e) Influenza (f) Tuberculosis

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.4

1. Mention the six killer diseases that are targeted in primary immunization.

Answer: The six killer diseases that are targeted in primary immunization are:

(i) Tuberculosis (TB)

(ii) Diphtheria

(iii) Tetanus

(iv) Pertussis (Whooping Cough)

(v) Polio

(vi) Measles

2. Name the vaccines against TB and Polio. At what age are these vaccines first administered?

Answer:

Disease	Vaccine	Age of first administration
Tuberculosis (TB)	BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin)	Within two weeks of the infant's birth (ideally at birth or as early as possible)
Polio	OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)	At the age of two months (first dose of primary immunization)

3. Which day of the week is usually chosen for the pulse polio and why?

Answer: Sunday is usually chosen for the pulse polio campaign.

It is chosen for the convenience of the parents to take their children to the Polio Booth for vaccination, as Sunday is generally a holiday for most parents, making it easier for them to bring their children without missing work.

4. How will large scale destruction of lymphocytes affect our ability to fight the diseases?

Answer: Large-scale destruction of lymphocytes weakens the body's ability to fight diseases. Lymphocytes recognize disease-causing agents (antigens) and produce antibodies to destroy them. If they are destroyed, the body cannot produce enough antibodies and becomes more susceptible to diseases.

5. Given below are four situations that are conducive to mosquito breeding.

Identify with any one situation that you are familiar with and answer the questions that follow.

A — building construction site

B — Children playing near an open drain /nallah

C — Tea stall with used paper cups and plates strewn around allowing water accumulation

D — House with leaking roof and water puddles around

Tick (righ sign) one or more remedial measure that you think are most applicable for prevention of mosquito breeding in the situation selected.

(i) Apply mosquito repellent cream or use mosquito net and door nets.

(ii) Fumigate the place or put Kerosene oil in water.

(iii) Convince the concerned persons prevent accumulation of dirt and water.

(iv) Not allow stagnation of water in and around your own home.

Answer: Selected situation: D — House with leaking roof and water puddles around

Remedial measures :

(i) Apply mosquito repellent cream or use mosquito net and door nets. → not correct

(ii) Fumigate the place or put kerosene oil in stagnant water. → correct .

(iii) Convince the concerned persons to prevent accumulation of dirt and water.→ correct

(iv) Do not allow stagnation of water in and around your home. → correct

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.5

1. How is O.R.S. solution made at home?

Answer: Mix 1 teaspoon sugar and a pinch of salt into 1 glass (about 200 mL) of clean drinking water. Stir well until fully dissolved. Drink immediately. Do not store.

2. What first aid would you give to a person who has received burn?

Answer: First aid for a person with burns:

(a) Place the injured area in cold water/ice to relieve the pain.

(b) Blot the area and apply a dry sterile dressing.

3. List two precautions to be taken in case of bleeding from any wound.

Answer: Two precautions to be taken in case of bleeding from a wound are:

(i) Press directly on the wound with the thumb or a clean cloth to stop the bleeding.

(ii) Make the injured person lie down and raise the bleeding part above the level of the rest of the body.

4. On a hot sultry day you suddenly get a telephone call from your aunt that your cousin who has just returned from Chandigarh has fainted and was bleeding through his nose. Which first aid measures would you suggest to your aunt?

Answer: First aid measures:

(a) Make the person sit in a cool place and lean slightly forward.

(b) Pinch the soft part of the nose for about 10 minutes to help stop the bleeding.

(d) If the bleeding does not stop or the person remains unconscious, consult a doctor immediately.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.6

1. How will you convince your friend not to take drugs? Give any three reasons.

Answer: Three reasons to convince my friend not to take drugs:

(i) Drugs are harmful to both physical and mental health and can cause serious health problems.

(ii) Drug addiction can affect studies, future career, and relationships with family and friends.

(iii) Drug abuse can lead to financial problems and increase the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

2. How will you get to know if a friend of yours is taking drug or not? List three important signs that will help you to identify him/her.

Answer: Three signs that may indicate a friend is taking drugs are:

(i) Sudden change in school attendance, poor academic performance, or decline in the quality of work.

(ii) Frequent anger, lack of concentration, red eyes, runny nose, dark circles under the eyes, nausea, vomiting or body pain.

(iii) Secretive behaviour, avoiding non-user friends, and frequently borrowing money or stealing items from home.

INTEXT QUESTIONS 32.7

Read the following table carefully and fill in the blanks.

Name of the technique	Basis of the technique	Technique best used for
Radiography	Use of beam of electromagnetic waves of short wave length	detecting fracture, a------, b------
c--------	Powerful magnetic field is used to map the distribution of water in different tissues	Detecting d----, e-----, multiple sclerosis of brain.
Sonography	f -----------------------------------------	providing information for g- ----,h---------

Answer:

Name of the technique	Basis of the technique	Technique best used for
Radiography	Use of beam of electromagnetic waves of short wave length	detecting fracture, a—rickets, b—osteoporosis
c—MRI	Powerful magnetic field is used to map the distribution of water in different tissues	Detecting d—tumour, e—slipped disc, multiple sclerosis of brain.
Sonography	f—Sound waves of 1-15MHz used which are absorbed and then reflected and scattered to different extent by different tissues	providing information for g—provides valuable information of different internal organs, h—foetal growth

TERMINAL EXERCISES

1. Differentiate between dislocation and fracture. Mention the role of a splint.

Answer: The difference between dislocation and fracture :

Fracture	Dislocation
A fracture is a break or crack in a bone.	A dislocation is when the end of a bone moves out of its normal position at a joint.
It mainly affects the bone.	It mainly affects the joint.
The bone may be cracked or completely broken.	The bone is not broken but is displaced from the joint.
Common signs include pain, tenderness, swelling, and inability to move the injured part.	Common signs include pain, tenderness, swelling, deformity, and inability to move the affected joint.

Role of a Splint: A splint is used to keep the injured bone or joint immobile, prevent further injury, reduce pain and support the affected part until medical treatment is available.

2. What is drug abuse? Explain its dangers in terms of addiction, tolerance and dependence.

Answer: Drug abuse is defined as the use of a substance to modify or control mood or state of mind in a manner that is illegal or harmful to oneself or others.

Dangers of drug abuse:

(a) Addiction: It is a condition in which a person develops a strong craving for a drug and feels compelled to use it repeatedly.

(b) Tolerance: With continued use, the body becomes less responsive to the drug, so larger doses are needed to produce the same effect.

(c) Dependence: The body and mind become dependent on the drug. The person feels unable to function normally without it, and stopping the drug may cause withdrawal symptoms.

3. List any four steps that can help a person stay away from drugs.

Answer: Answer: Any four steps that can help a person stay away from drugs are:

(i) Avoid undue peer pressure: Say "no" if friends force you to use drugs. Good friends will respect your decision.

(ii) Choose friends carefully: Stay with friends who encourage good habits and positive behaviour.

(iii) Manage stress positively: Try to do your best without taking too much stress. Face problems with a positive attitude and seek help from parents or trusted friends when needed.

(iv) Look for danger signs: If you find a friend using drugs, inform responsible elders so that timely help and treatment can be provided.

4. List the danger signs of drug addiction.

Answer: The danger signs of drug addiction are:

(i)Frequent borrowing money or stealing items from home/school/ workplace.

(ii) Out bursts of anger, lack of concentration, running nose, and red eyes, dark circles under eyes, nausea, vomiting and body pain.

(iii)Staying away from friends who are non users.

(iv) Talking about the substance all the time and pressurizing others to use it.

(v) Fresh and numerous injection sites on the body. (Any four)

5. What role does vaccination play in control of diseases? Explain.

Answer: Vaccination plays a crucial role in disease control by stimulating the body's immune system to produce antibodies against specific pathogens. It introduces a weakened or dead form of the germ, triggering memory cells. This provides immunity without causing the disease. If the vaccinated person later encounters the actual pathogen, the body quickly recognizes and destroys it, preventing infection and spread.

6. How is innate immunity different from acquired immunity?

Answer: The differences between innate immunity and acquired immunity are as follows:

Innate Immunity	Acquired Immunity
Present from birth (natural).	Develops after birth through exposure to pathogens or vaccination.
Non-specific; protects against all pathogens in a general way.	Specific; targets a particular pathogen.
Has no immunological memory and does not remember past infections.	Has immunological memory and remembers pathogens for faster future protection.
Does not improve with repeated exposure.	Improves with repeated exposure to the same pathogen.
Includes physical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes, as well as other non-specific defence mechanisms.	Can be naturally acquired (after infection, when the body produces its own antibodies) or artificially acquired (through vaccination, which stimulates the immune system to form memory cells; e.g., the DPT vaccine requires booster doses).

7. List at least six steps you think are essential to remain healthy.

Answer: The following steps are essential to remain healthy:

(i) Balanced diet: Eat nutritious food in the right proportions.

(ii) Personal hygiene: Maintain cleanliness of your body.

(iii) Domestic hygiene: Keep your home and surroundings clean.

(iv) Clean food and water: Consume safe, uncontaminated food and drinking water.

(v) Cooking with care: Cook food properly to kill harmful germs.

(vi) Exercise: Do regular physical activity to stay fit.

8. How are personal health and community health related? Explain with the help of an example.

Answer: Personal health and community health are closely related. Both are important for the well-being of individuals as well as the community. Health is influenced by factors such as a clean environment, the availability of quality food, safe drinking water and other basic necessities. The participation of local bodies and the government is essential in promoting community health. For example, proper sanitation and safe water supply help prevent the spread of diseases in the community.

9. What precautions will you take while storing food?

Answer: Answer: The following precautions should be taken while storing food:

(a) Store food in clean, dry, and covered containers.

(b) Keep food in a cool and dry place or refrigerate perishable items.

(d) Do not store cooked and raw food together.

(e) Check the expiry date before storing packaged food.

(f) Keep the storage area clean and hygienic.

(g) Use older food items first and avoid keeping food for too long.

(h) Ensure food is properly sealed to prevent contamination.

10. List the activities that are carried out by community health organizations.

Answer: Community health organisations carry out the following activities:

(i) Provide immunisation and vaccination programmes.

(ii) Ensure safe drinking water and proper sanitation.

(iii) Promote health education and awareness.

(iv) Control and prevent the spread of communicable diseases.

(v) Provide maternal and child health care services.

(vi) Organise health check-ups and medical camps.

(vii) Ensure proper waste disposal and environmental cleanliness.

(viii) Provide treatment and emergency healthcare facilities.

11. Chill and high fever at periodic interval is characteristic of malaria. What is responsible for this periodic symptom? List any two other symptoms of malaria.

Answer: The periodic chills and high fever in malaria are caused by the rupture of red blood cells (RBCs) infected by the malarial parasite. When the infected RBCs burst, they release malarial toxins (haemozoin) into the bloodstream, producing chills and fever at regular intervals.

Any two other symptoms of malaria are:

(a) Headache (b) Vomiting

12. List the various preventive measures that are essential for controlling spread of TB.

Answer: Answer: The following preventive measures are essential for controlling the spread of Tuberculosis (TB):

(a) Early detection and complete treatment of TB patients.

(b) BCG vaccination for protection, especially in children.

(d) Maintain good personal hygiene and proper sanitation.

(e) Ensure good ventilation and avoid overcrowded places.

(f) Eat a balanced and nutritious diet to strengthen immunity.

(g) Create public awareness about TB and its prevention.

13. BCG vaccine provides an artificial and active immunity. Justify.

Answer: BCG vaccine provides artificial active immunity because it is given through vaccination (artificial means). The vaccine contains weakened (attenuated) bacteria, which stimulate the body's immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells without causing the disease. As the body produces its own immune response, the immunity developed is active. Hence, BCG vaccination provides artificial active immunity.

14. Why do bones appear lighter on a radiograph?

Answer: Bones appear lighter (white) on a radiograph because they are dense and contain calcium, which absorbs X-rays to a greater extent than soft tissues. As a result, fewer X-rays reach the film or detector through the bones, making them appear lighter on the radiograph.

15. Brain appears clearer in an MRI than in an X-ray. Explain.

Answer: The brain appears clearer in an MRI than in an X-ray because MRI provides detailed images of soft tissues, while X-rays are mainly useful for imaging bones. Since the brain is a soft tissue, MRI produces much clearer and more detailed images, making it easier to detect abnormalities.

16. Name the technique that is best used for monitoring foetal growth.

Answer: The technique best used for monitoring foetal growth is ultrasonography (ultrasound scan or USG).

Posted 3 weeks ago

Chapter 32 :HEALTH AND HYGIENE

Chapter 32: Health and Hygiene Class 10 Science and Technology (212) NIOS Textbook Solutions

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