1. What do we get from cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables ?
Answer: Cereals provide carbohydrates which give us energy. Pulses are rich in proteins needed for growth and repair of the body. Fruits and vegetables provide vitamins, minerals, and roughage that help to keep our body healthy and protect us from diseases.
Internal Question and Answer:
1. How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop production ?
Answer: Biotic factors like pests, insects and weeds damage crops and compete for nutrients. Abiotic factors such as drought, flood, heat or cold stress the plants. Both lower crop yield by affecting growth, health and soil fertility, making proper management essential for farming.
2. What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvements ?
Answer: The desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvement are tallness and profuse branching in fodder crops and dwarfness in cereals. These characteristics help in increasing crop yield and improving the quality of crops.
Internal Question and Answer:
1. What are macro-nutrients and why are they called macro- nutrients?
Answer: Macronutrients are essential nutrients required by plants in large amounts. These include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur. They help in proper growth and development of plants by supporting the formation of roots, flowers, proteins and healthy leaves. Lack of these nutrients affects the growth and yield of crops.
2. How do plants get nutrients?
Answer: Plants obtain nutrients mainly from the soil through their roots. The roots absorb water containing dissolved macro and micronutrients from the soil. Plants also get some nutrients such as carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen from air and water. When the soil becomes deficient in nutrients, farmers add manures and fertilisers to improve its fertility.
Internal Question and Answer:
1. Compare the use of manure and fertilizers in maintaining soil fertility.
Answer: The comparison between the use of manure and fertilisers in maintaining soil fertility is :
|
Manure |
Fertilizers |
|
(i) Organic substance prepared from decomposition of plant and animal waste |
(i) Inorganic chemical compounds manufactured in factories |
|
(ii) Provides humus to the soil, improving soil structure |
(ii) Does not provide humus; may degrade soil structure over time |
|
(iii) Releases nutrients slowly over a long period |
(iii) Releases nutrients quickly for immediate plant uptake |
|
(iv) Less rich in plant nutrients like N, P, K |
(iv) Highly rich in specific nutrients (N, P, K) |
|
(v) Improves water retention and aeration in soil |
(v) No direct effect on water retention or aeration |
|
(vi) Environmentally friendly and low cost |
(vi) Can cause water pollution (eutrophication) and is costly |
|
(vii) Long-term soil fertility improvement |
(vii) Short-term yield boost but long-term soil health may decline |
Internal Question and Answer:
1. Which of the following conditions will give the most benefits? Why?
(a) Farmers use high-quality seeds, do not adopt irrigation or use fertilizers.
(b) Farmers use ordinary seeds, adopt irrigation and use fertilizer.
(c) Farmers use quality seeds, adopt irrigation, use fertilizer and use crop protection measures.
Answer: Condition (c) will give the most benefits because the farmers are using quality seeds, proper irrigation, fertilisers and crop protection measures together. Quality seeds increase productivity, irrigation provides enough water, fertilisers supply nutrients to the soil and crop protection measures protect crops from pests and diseases. All these practices help in obtaining higher yield and better quality crops.
Internal Question and Answer:
1. Why should preventive measures and biological control methods be preferred for protecting crops?
Answer: Preventive measures and biological control methods should be preferred because they are eco-friendly and safe. They protect crops without harming the soil, water or useful organisms. Biological methods use natural enemies to control pests and reduce the need for harmful chemical pesticides.
2. What factors may be responsible for losses of grains during storage?
Answer: Losses of grains during storage may occur due to biotic factors such as insects, rodents, fungi, mites, and bacteria, and abiotic factors such as moisture, temperature, and humidity. These factors damage the grains and reduce their quality and quantity.
Internal Question and Answer:
1. Which method is commonly used for improving cattle breeds and why?
Answer: Cross-breeding is the method commonly used for improving cattle breeds. It combines the desirable qualities of two different breeds, such as high milk production, disease resistance and better adaptability to climate conditions.
Internal Question and Answer:
1. Discuss the implications of the following statement: “It is interesting to note that poultry is India’s most efficient converter of low fibre food stuff (which is unfit for human consumption) into highly nutritious animal protein food.”
Answer: This statement shows that poultry farming is very useful because chickens can convert cheap and low-fibre food materials, which humans cannot eat, into nutritious food like eggs and meat. Poultry provides a good source of animal protein at low cost and helps in meeting the food needs of the growing population. It also increases farmers’ income and makes better use of agricultural waste products.
Internal Question and Answer:
1. What management practices are common in dairy and poultry farming?
Answer: The common management practices in dairy and poultry farming include proper feeding, clean shelter, regular health care, protection from diseases and proper breeding methods. Good hygiene and adequate water supply are also important for healthy growth and higher production.
2. What are the differences between broilers and layers and in their management ?
Answer: The differences between broilers and layers are :
|
Broilers |
Layers |
|
(i) Broilers are poultry birds reared for meat production. |
(i) Layers are poultry birds reared for egg production. |
|
(ii) They require food rich in proteins and fats for fast growth. |
(ii) They require balanced food with minerals and vitamins for good egg production. |
|
(iii) Broilers are managed for proper growth and weight gain. |
(iii) Layers are managed for healthy egg laying and longer productivity. |
|
(iv) Special care is taken to maintain suitable temperature and hygiene for rapid growth. |
(iv) Proper lighting, clean shelter, and nesting facilities are important for layers. |
Internal Question and Answer:
1. How are fish obtained?
Answer: Fish are obtained mainly by two methods. The first method is capture fishing, in which fish are caught from natural water bodies such as rivers, lakes and seas. The second method is culture fishery or aquaculture, in which fish are reared and bred in ponds, tanks or reservoirs for commercial production.
2. What are the advantages of composite fish culture?
Answer: Composite fish culture has the advantage that different species of fish with different feeding habits can be grown together in the same pond. This ensures better use of food resources in all layers of the pond, increases fish production, and improves overall yield without competition for the same food.
Internal Question and Answer:
1. What are the desirable characters of bee varieties suitable for honey production?
Answer: The desirable characters of bee varieties suitable for honey production are high honey collection capacity, less stinging nature, ability to stay in the hive for long periods and resistance to diseases. Such bees should also breed well and adapt easily to different environmental conditions.
2. What is pasturage and how is it related to honey production?
Answer: Pasturage is the availability of flowers and flowering plants from which bees collect nectar and pollen. It is directly related to honey production because the quality, quantity and flavour of honey depend on the type and abundance of flowers available in the area.
1. Explain any one method of crop production which ensures high yield.
Answer: One method of crop production that ensures high yield is the use of High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds. These seeds produce more grains per plant and are resistant to diseases. When combined with proper irrigation, fertilisers and good farming practices, they help farmers get better and faster crop production from the same land, increasing overall food supply.
2. Why are manure and fertilizers used in fields?
Answer: Manure and fertilisers are used in fields to supply essential nutrients to the soil. When crops grow, they absorb nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from the soil, making it less fertile over time. Manure improves soil texture and adds organic matter, while fertilisers provide nutrients quickly. Both help in better growth of crops and increase agricultural productivity.
3. What are the advantages of inter-cropping and crop rotation?
Answer: Inter-cropping and crop rotation help in improving soil fertility and increasing crop yield. In inter-cropping, different crops are grown together in rows, which reduces pest attack and ensures better use of resources like water and nutrients. In crop rotation, different crops are grown in a fixed sequence, which prevents soil nutrient loss and reduces the need for fertilisers, keeping the soil healthy.
4. What is genetic manipulation? How is it useful in agricultural practices?
Answer: Genetic manipulation is the process of altering the genes of a plant to obtain desired traits. In agriculture, it is used to develop crops that have higher yield, better resistance to pests and diseases, and can tolerate harsh conditions like drought or salinity. It also improves the quality and nutritional value of crops, helping in better food production.
5. How do storage grain losses occur ?
Answer: Storage grain losses occur due to both biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors include insects, rodents, fungi and bacteria which damage or eat the grains. Abiotic factors like moisture, improper temperature and poor storage conditions also spoil grains. These losses reduce the quality and quantity of stored food, so proper drying and safe storage methods are necessary to prevent them.
6. How do good animal husbandry practices benefit farmers?
Answer: Good animal husbandry practices benefit farmers in the following ways:
(i) Increase production of milk, meat, eggs and wool
(ii) Keep animals healthy by preventing diseases
(iii) Reduce loss and treatment costs
(iv) Improve quality of animal products
(v) Increase farmers’ income and profit.
7. What are the benefits of cattle farming?
Answer: The benefits of cattle farming are :
(i) Cattle are raised for meat, which is a valuable source of protein.
(ii) Dairy cattle provide milk and dairy products.
(iii) Cattle produce valuable manure for fertilizing crops.
(iv) Cattle farming can be a source of income for farmers through sales of meat, milk, and calves.
(v) It creates jobs in the agricultural sector.
(vi) Cattle also provide by-products like leather and hides.
8. For increasing production, what is common in poultry, fisheries and bee-keeping?
Answer: For increasing production in poultry, fisheries and bee-keeping, good management practices are common. These include proper feeding, maintaining hygienic conditions, controlling diseases and selecting high-quality breeds or species. Providing suitable shelter and environment also helps in better growth and higher production of eggs, fish and honey.
9. How do you differentiate between capture fishing, mariculture and aquaculture?
Answer: The difference between capture fishing, mariculture and aquaculture is:
|
Capture Fishing |
Mariculture |
Aquaculture |
|
Fishing done in natural water bodies like oceans, rivers, and lakes. |
Farming of marine fish and seafood in the sea or coastal areas. |
Farming of fish and aquatic plants in controlled artificial environments. |
|
Fish are caught from their wild, natural habitat without any human rearing. |
It is a type of aquaculture practiced only in salt water (sea). |
Done in freshwater (ponds, tanks) or brackish water (estuaries). |
|
Examples: Tuna fishing in deep sea, catching Rohu from a river. |
Examples: Oyster farming, shrimp farming in coastal lagoons. |
Examples: Fish farming in a pond (Composite fish culture), pearl culture. |
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