1. State any two conditions essential for good health.
Answer: Two conditions essential for good health are:
(i) Proper physical and mental well-being – A person should be healthy both physically and mentally to function properly in daily life.
(ii) Good social environment – Clean surroundings, healthy relationships, and proper living conditions are important for maintaining good health.
2. State any two conditions essential for being free of disease.
Answer: Two conditions essential for being free of disease are:
(i) Proper cleanliness and sanitation : Keeping our body and surroundings clean helps to prevent germs from spreading.
(ii) Healthy food and regular exercise : Nutritious food and physical exercise make our body strong and improve resistance against diseases.
3. Are the answers to the above questions necessarily the same or different? Why?
Answer: No, the answers to the above questions are not necessarily the same.
A person may be free from disease but may not be completely healthy. Health includes physical, mental, and social well-being, while being disease-free only means absence of disease. Therefore, conditions for good health are broader than conditions for being free of disease.
Internal Question and Answer :
1. List any three reasons why you would think that you are sick and ought to see a doctor. If only one of these symptoms were present, would you still go to the doctor? Why or why not?
Answer: Three reasons to think you are sick and should see a doctor:
(i) Persistent fever or high body temperature.
(ii) Continuous cough, cold, or breathing difficulty.
(iii) Feeling tired, weak, or having body aches for no obvious reason.
Yes, even if only one symptom is present, I would still go to the doctor. This is because a single symptom can be an early sign of an underlying disease. Ignoring it might make the condition worse. A doctor can properly diagnose the cause and start timely treatment.
2. In which of the following case do you think the long-term effects on your health are likely to be most unpleasant?
(i) if you get jaundice,
(ii) if you get lice,
(iii) if you get acne. Why?
Answer: The long-term effects on health are likely to be most unpleasant in the case of jaundice.
(i) Jaundice affects the liver, which is a vital internal organ. It can take weeks or months to recover completely, and in some cases, it may lead to long-term liver damage.
(ii) Lice are a nuisance and cause itching, but they do not cause serious long-term health problems. They can be removed easily with cleanliness and medicine.
(iii) Acne is a common skin condition, especially during adolescence. It may cause temporary discomfort or scars, but it does not affect overall internal health in the long run.
Internal Question and Answer :
1. Why are we normally advised to take bland and nourishing food when we are sick?
Answer: We are advised to take bland and nourishing food when we are sick because such food is easy to digest and does not put extra stress on the body. At the same time, it provides essential nutrients needed for recovery, helps in repairing body tissues, and gives strength to fight infection.
2. What are the different means by which infectious diseases are spread?
Answer: Infectious diseases spread through various means. The different means are:
(i) Air : Coughing or sneezing releases germs (e.g., common cold, tuberculosis).
(ii) Water : Contaminated water spreads diseases like cholera and typhoid.
(iii) Food : Infected food can cause diarrhoea or food poisoning.
(iv) Contact : Touching an infected person or using their clothes, towels, or utensils (e.g., fungal infections, scabies).
(v) Insects : Mosquitoes, flies, or fleas carry germs (e.g., malaria, dengue).
(vi) Body fluids : Blood, saliva, or sexual contact (e.g., HIV, hepatitis B).
3. What precautions can you take in your school to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases?
Answer: To reduce the incidence of infectious diseases in school, we can take several precautions:
(i) Maintain personal hygiene, such as washing hands properly before eating and after using the toilet.
(ii) Keep the school surroundings clean, including classrooms, toilets, and drinking water areas.
(iii) Avoid sharing personal items like water bottles, handkerchiefs, or food.
(iv) Cover mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing to prevent spread of germs.
(v) Ensure proper vaccination and medical check-ups for students.
4. What is immunisation?
Answer: Immunisation is the process by which a person is made resistant to a specific infectious disease by giving a vaccine. The vaccine helps the body develop antibodies, so that it can fight the disease-causing microbes if they enter the body in future.
5. What are the immunisation programmes available at the nearest health centre in your locality? Which of these diseases are the major health problems in your area?
Answer: At the nearest health centre, the immunisation programmes usually available are under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP). These include vaccines for diseases like tuberculosis (BCG), polio (OPV/IPV), diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT), measles, hepatitis B, and also protection against typhoid in some areas.
In most local areas, common health problems include malaria, diarrhoea, and tuberculosis, which are still major concerns due to poor sanitation, mosquito breeding, and lack of awareness in some places.
1. How many times did you fall ill in the last one year? What were the illnesses?
(a) Think of one change you could make in your habits in order to avoid any of/most of the above illnesses.
(b) Think of one change you would wish for in your surroundings in order to avoid any of/most of the above illnesses.
Answer: In the last one year, I fell ill three times. The illnesses were:
(i) Common cold and cough (twice)
(ii) Viral fever (once)
(a) I would make it a habit to wash my hands thoroughly with soap before every meal and after coming home from outside. This will help prevent germs from entering my body through food or touch, reducing the chances of catching colds and viral infections.
(b) I would wish for better cleanliness in my neighbourhood, especially no garbage dumping or stagnant water near my house. This would stop mosquitoes from breeding and reduce the spread of infections, helping prevent diseases like viral fever and cough.
2. A doctor/nurse/health-worker is exposed to more sick people than others in the community. Find out how she/he avoids getting sick herself/himself.
Answer: A doctor, nurse, or health worker is exposed to many patients, so they take several precautions to avoid getting sick. They wear masks, gloves, and sometimes protective gowns while treating patients to avoid direct contact with germs. They also maintain strict hand hygiene, washing or sanitising hands frequently. Vaccinations are taken to protect against common infectious diseases. They also follow proper medical safety rules while handling infected materials.
3. Conduct a survey in your neighbourhood to find out what the three most common diseases are. Suggest three steps that could be taken by your local authorities to bring down the incidence of these diseases.
Answer: A small survey in my neighbourhood shows that the three most common diseases are malaria, diarrhoea, and dengue.These diseases mainly spread due to poor sanitation, contaminated water, and mosquito breeding.
Three steps that local authorities can take to reduce their incidence are:
(i) Improve cleanliness and waste management by ensuring regular garbage collection and proper disposal to prevent breeding of flies and mosquitoes.
(ii) Provide safe drinking water and regularly check water supply systems to avoid contamination.
(iii) Control mosquito breeding by spraying insecticides, cleaning stagnant water, and creating awareness about using mosquito nets and repellents.
4. A baby is not able to tell her/his caretakers that she/he is sick. What would help us to find out
(a) that the baby is sick?
(b) what is the sickness?
Answer: (a) We can observe signs like fever, constant crying, refusing to feed, vomiting, loose motions, coughing, breathing trouble or being unusually sleepy or irritable.
(b) A doctor can check the baby's temperature, pulse and breathing, look for rashes or swelling and may recommend blood or stool tests. Parents can also tell the doctor about the baby's symptoms and feeding habits.
5. Under which of the following conditions is a person most likely to fall sick?
(a) when she is recovering from malaria.
(b) when she has recovered from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chicken-pox.
(c) when she is on a four-day fast after recovering from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chicken-pox. Why?
Answer: The person is most likely to fall sick in (c) when she is on a four-day fast after recovering from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chicken-pox. This is because after recovering from malaria, the body is still weak. Fasting further reduces energy and nutrients needed for recovery. Also, while taking care of a chicken-pox patient, she is exposed to infection. So, weak immunity plus exposure to disease makes her most vulnerable to falling sick.
6. Under which of the following conditions are you most likely to fall sick?
(a) when you are taking examinations.
(b) when you have travelled by bus and train for two days.
(c) when your friend is suffering from measles. Why?
Answer: You are most likely to fall sick in condition (c), when your friend is suffering from measles.
Measles is a highly infectious airborne disease. If your friend has measles, you may get exposed to the virus through coughing, sneezing, or close contact. Exams or travel may cause tiredness, but without exposure to a germ, you are not likely to catch an infectious disease.
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